SHASHI KALLADA – IMDG Code Compliance Centre

CFR 49 Additional requirements

Below are some additional requirements in Dangerous Goods Declaration (Shipping Papers) as per 49 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations, 49).

49 CFR is U.S.A specific transport regulations & part 100-185 of 49 CFR deals with dangerous goods transport by Road (highway), Rail, Air and Sea. This is based on UN Model regulations and is almost harmonized with other model regulations.

Requirement	UN Number	49 CFR Section	Description
Ex Number	3268Air bag inflator, Air bag module, or Seat-belt pre-tensioner	173.166	Air bag inflators, air bag modules and seat-belt pretensioners classified under UN 3268 must be approved by Associated administrator who will issue an EX number upon satisfaction of the requirements. Shipping paper must contain this EX Number or product code of each approved inflator, module or pretensioner together with other mandatory details required by the shipping paper. Ex Number or product code is not required to be marked on the packages
T- Number/ LAA Numbers	1057 ( LIGHTERS)	49 CFR 173.308	(C) A test report identifier, that is, the authorized person or agency identifier code immediately followed by an alpha/numeric identifier of four or more characters assigned to the specific lighter design by the authorized person or agency (e.g., “LAA**,” where, “LAA” is the identification code assigned to the authorized person or agency by the Associate Administrator and “” is replaced with the unique test report identifier assigned to the specific lighter design by the authorized person or agency); Transitional provisions. Until January 1, 2012, approval numbers issued by the Associate Administrator prior to January 1, 2007 may continue to be marked on packages and annotated on shipping papers, where applicable. After that time, previously issued approvals (i.e., T-*) will no longer be valid and each lighter design currently in production must be re-examined and tested under the provisions of this section.
RQ Reportable Quantity	Various	Appendix to 49 CFR 172.101	When quantity in package equals or increases the quantity specified in Appendix to 49 CFR 172.101 shipping paper must contain letters “RQ” either before or after the basic description of dangerous goods.Please refer special provisions and related section of 49 CFR for full details. Click here to look up Reportable Quantity for a substance.
PIH “Poison-Inhalation Hazard” or “Toxic-Inhalation Hazard”	Mostly Class 2.3, 6.1 and some Materials in 8	(HMT Column 7 and 172.102)	In column 7 of Hazardous Material table if 1.2.3.4. or 5 is mentioned then poison inhalation hazard zone must be identified on the shipping paper.1 = Zone A2 = Zone B3 = Zone C 4 = Zone D
Emergency Response Number	All	172.201(d), 172.604	Emergency contact Telephone number must be entered as “EMERGENCY CONTACT: xxx-xxx-xxxx” (include international access code if applicable).
Special Permits and Exemptions	As applicable		If the shipment is under any special permit or exemption then same must be entered on Shipping Paper (“DOT-SPxxxxx” or “DOT-Exxxxx” Special Permit or Exemption number)

Please refer to latest 49 CFR for full details of these requirements.

Calcium Hypochlorite – FAQ

All circulars and notices of P&I Club is linked in new page.

Also you can find information about Calcium Hypochlorite here

Bicycle Derailleur Gears

Lot of modern bicycles come with gears (derailleur), Mountain bikes also have front and middle suspensions. We will look at the different positions of derailleur gears (21 speed derailleur) and transport restrictions of bicycle as cargo.

As we change the gear from one position to another the derailleur shifts the chain from one sprocket to another, i.e. derailing the chain hence these bicycle gears are called derailleurs. When a rider not used to multispeed (geared) bicycle sit on it for the first time he or she will definitely get confused on the gear positions. More complicated if the bicycle has front and rear derailleurs, then what combination these should be set at. We can see in the image below on the handle bar left hand side there are three positions for the gear shifter and on the right hand 7 positions. (for 21 speed derailleurs)

Always the question asked by a new rider is, 3 x 7 = 21, out of these 21 combinations which one should I use while starting and when should I change the gears while riding? Answer is:

High Gear = Going down hill

Medium Gear = Flat road

Low Gear = Uphill

Every rider is comfortable at his/her own cadence (RPM of the crank/peddling per minute). High gear will put the front derailleur on biggest sprocket and rear on the smaller one. In this position peddling gives more speed but we need to push harder. On low gear the reverse takes place with front derailleur on smallest sprocket, in this position less stress need to be applied on the peddles however speed reduces.

Unless we are cycling uphill or downhill we need not change the gears much. We can leave the front derailleur on position 2 and rear derailleur on position 3 or 4 when starting then keep shifting the rear derailleur from 3 or 4 ( the position of gear we started at) to 2,3,4,5 this will keep our cadence in range and will not increase the stress on legs while maintaining constant speed. There are no many rules for using/shifting these gears, shift the gears as we like to do a comfortable ride keeping our cadence in the same bandwidth. But there are two basic rules which are good for our bicycle more than ourselves.

Rear sprockets 7 positions (2) — Rear sprockets 7 positions

Rule 1: Never shift the gear when the cycle is in complete stop (resting).

Rule 2: If we are riding on high or low gear before coming to a complete stop shift down to middle gear.

Shifting of gears, front or rear must only be done when peddling to make the shifter push the chain and derail it from the current position to next. If we shift the gear when not peddling there are chances when we push peddle after shifting, the chain may not derail or may fall into a wrong position.

If we stop the bicycle (complete stop) at high or low gear and again start peddling it will apply extra force on the sprockets which may increase wear and tear and eventually we will start hearing it making noise.

To avoid too much strain on the sprockets and chain we should not be changing the gear while applying extra force on peddles like pushing hard on an uphill ride. During hard uphill climb if we want to further drop our gears reduce the force on peddle and shift the gear and continue riding increasing the force.

Although a 21 speed bicycle can go in 21 combinations of speed it is not recommended to use extreme combinations continuously for long duration. Extreme combination will apply extra pressure on sprockets and the angle of chain goes to the extreme positions which may increase possibilities of wear n tear.

Example of extreme combination is Front derailleur position 1 and rear 7 or front derailleur position 3 and rear position 1.

In below image we can see recommended positions (low -medium -high) and extreme position.

Transport Restrictions, Rules

If the shock absorbers (suspensions) are pneumatic or hydraulic then they may be restricted for transport by air.

If you are traveling with your bicycle by air ensure you check with the carrier (airline) well before cycling down to the airport for taking flight. All airlines restrict pressurized articles. Tyres need to be deflated and if your bicycle has pressurized suspensions they may need to be packed, secured etc.

Author is an enthusiastic cyclist who also suffer from chronic neurological disorder called Meralgia paraesthetica. You can contact author for cycling tips and if you also suffer from it then for tips for living with Meralgia paraesthetica 😉

Vehicle and Dangerous Goods

For information about whole vehicle as cargo, (dangerous goods or not) please click here.

Now we are going to look at a knocked down car in shipping container, which components/parts will be considered as dangerous goods.

Already started thinking about petrol in tank? That’s a good start!

Below is the list of parts meeting the criteria of dangerous goods as per UN Model Regulations:

AIR BAG INFLATORS or AIR BAG MODULES or SEAT-BELT PRETENSIONERS	UN 3269 Class 9 or UN 0503 Class 1.4G
1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (REFRIGERANT GAS R 134a)	UN 3159 Class 2.2
BATTERIES, WET, FILLED WITH ACID electric storage	UN 2794 Class 9
MAGNETIZED MATERIAL ( Speakers )	UN 2807 Class 9
ENGINE, INTERNAL COMBUSTION	UN 3166 Class 9
DANGEROUS GOODS IN APPARATUS ( Fuel pump & injectors)	UN 3363 Class 9

However while making consignments you need to look at the correct regulations ( for mode of transport) for latest rules ,exemptions and limitations applicable if any.

Example: Magnetized Material (Speakers) is hazardous only by air transport. Batteries may be exempted from the requirement if it is non spillable passing the test criteria according to Model regulations. Airbags fitted in steering columns or door panels does not meet the criteria of dangerous goods.

Un 3166 Vehicle (shashikallada.wordpress.com)

IMSBC Code

The International Maritime Organization‘s convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974, as amended, deals with various safety aspects for sea going vessels including carriage of cargo.

SOLAS chapter VI part A & B pertains to mandatory provisions governing the carriage of solid bulk cargoes and Chapter VII part B the mandatory provisions of carriage of dangerous goods in solid form in bulk. The provisions of these chapters are amplified in Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code). SOLAS Part A of chapter VII deals with packaged dangerous cargo which is amplified in International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

IMSBC Code became mandatory from 1^st January 2011.

Table of Contents in IMSBC Code

Foreword
Section 1 General provisions and definitions
Section 2 General loading, carriage and unloading precautions
Section 3 Safety of personnel and ship
Section 4 Assessment of acceptability of consignments for safe shipment
Section 5 Trimming procedures
Section 6 Methods of determining angle of repose
Section 7 Cargoes that may liquefy
Section 8 Test procedures for cargoes that may liquefy
Section 9 Materials possessing chemical hazards
Section 10 Carriage of solid bulk wastes
Section 11 Security provisions
Section 12 Stowage factor conversion tables
Section 13 References
Appendix 1 Individual schedules of solid bulk cargoes
Appendix 2 Laboratory test procedures, associated apparatus and standards
Appendix 3 Properties of solid bulk cargoes
Appendix 4 Index of solid bulk cargoes

Considering safety solid bulk cargoes are divided into Group A, B & C

Group A
consists of cargoes which may liquefy if shipped at moisture content in excess of their transportable moisture limit.

Group B
consists of cargoes which possess a chemical hazard which could give rise to a dangerous situation on a ship.

Group C
consists of cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy (Group A) nor to possess chemical hazards (Group B).

Hazard classification

Dangerous goods are classified in accordance with chapter 2 of the IMDG Code.

Class 4.1: Flammable solids: The materials in this class are readily combustible solids and solids which may cause fire through friction.

Class 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous combustion: The materials in this class are materials, other than pyrophoric materials, which, in contact with air without energy supply, are liable to self-heating.

Class 4.3: Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases: The materials in this class are solids which, by interaction with water, are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

Class 5.1: Oxidizing substances: The materials in this class are materials while in themselves not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material.

Class 6.1: Toxic substances: The materials in this class are materials liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if swallowed or inhaled, or by skin contact.

Class 7: Radioactive materials: The materials in this class are any materials containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the total activity in the consignment exceed the values specified in 2.7.7.2.1 to 2.7.7.2.6 of the IMDG Code.

Class 8: Corrosive substances: The materials in this class are materials which, by chemical action, will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue or will materially damage, or even destroy, other goods or the means of transport.

Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles: The materials in this class are materials and articles which, during transport, present a danger not covered by other classes.

Some definitions:

Solid bulk cargo
means any cargo, other than liquid or gas, consisting of a combination of particles, granules or any larger pieces of material generally uniform in composition, which is loaded directly into the cargo spaces of a ship without any intermediate form of containment.

Dangerous goods in solid form in bulk means any material, other than liquid or gas, consisting of a combination of particles, granules or any larger pieces of material, generally uniform in composition, which is covered by the IMDG Code and is loaded directly into the cargo spaces of a ship without any intermediate form of containment, and includes such materials loaded in a barge on a barge-carrying ship.

Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) of a cargo which may liquefy means the maximum moisture content of the cargo which is considered safe for carriage in ships other than specially constructed or fitted cargo ships (see 7.3.2 of IMBSC Code for full details).

Let’s have a look at the provisions of carriage of dangerous goods in solid form in bulk.

IMDG Code deals with dangerous goods in packaged form. Packaged form means dangerous goods packed in packages specified in IMDG Code, eg; UN 1942 AMMONIUM NITRATE packed in Woven plastics water-resistant bags. If we load UN 1942 AMMONIUM NITRATE directly in to the holds of a cargo ship without packing in bags then the provisions of IMBSC Code has to be applied.

Cargoes are identified and listed in IMSBC Code with Bulk Cargo Shipping Name (BCSN). All names are listed in appendix 4 of IMSBC Code in an alphabetical order together with their group name and references if any.

In order to understand the provisions of carriage of dangerous goods in bulk let us look at FERROSILICON. In appendix 4 (Index of solid bulk cargoes) Ferrosilicon is listed as below

In Appendix 1 (Individual schedules of solid bulk cargoes) Ferrosilicon is listed and twice first entry reads FERROSILICON UN 1408 which is same as above listed in the index.

The entry in appendix 1 gives full details of Ferrosilicon UN 1408 as below

FERROSILICON UN 1408 with 30% or more but less than 90% silicon (including briquettes)

DESCRIPTION

Ferrosilicon is an extremely heavy cargo.

CHARACTERISTICS

ANGLE OF REPOSE	BULK DENSITY (kg/m3)		STOWAGE FACTOR (m3/t)
Not applicable	1389 to 2083 (1111 to 1538 for briquettes)		0.48 to 0.72 (0.65 to 0.90 for briquettes)
SIZE	CLASS		GROUP
Up to 300 mm Briquettes	4.3	6.1	B

HAZARD

In contact with moisture or water it may evolve hydrogen, a flammable gas which may form explosive mixtures with air and may, under similar circumstances, produce phosphine and arsine, which are highly toxic gases. This cargo is non-combustible or has a low fire-risk.

STOWAGE & SEGREGATION

“Separated from” foodstuffs and all class 8 liquids.

HOLD CLEANLINESS

Clean and dry as relevant to the hazards of the cargo.

WEATHER PRECAUTIONS

This cargo shall be kept as dry as practicable before loading, during loading and during voyage. This cargo shall not be loaded during precipitation. During loading of this cargo all non-working hatches of the cargo spaces to which this cargo are loaded or to be loaded shall be closed.

LOADING

Trim in accordance with the relevant provisions required under sections 4 and 5 of the Code. As the density of the cargo is extremely high, the tanktop may be overstressed unless the cargo is evenly spread across the tanktop to equalize the weight distribution. Due consideration shall be paid to ensure that tanktop is not overstressed during voyage and during loading by a pile of the cargo. Refer to the appendix to this schedule.

PRECAUTIONS

The manufacturer or the shipper shall provide the master with a certificate stating that, after manufacture, the cargo was stored under cover, but exposed to dry weather for not less than three days prior to shipment.

VENTILATION

Continuous mechanical ventilation shall be conducted during the voyage for the cargo spaces carrying this cargo. If maintaining ventilation endangers the ship or the cargo, it may be interrupted unless there is a risk of explosion or other danger due to interruption of the ventilation. In any case mechanical ventilation shall be maintained for a reasonable period prior to discharge. Refer to the appendix to this schedule.

CARRIAGE

For quantitative measurements of hydrogen, phosphine and arsine, suitable detectors for each gas or combination of gases shall be on board while this cargo is carried. The detectors shall be of certified safe type for use in explosive atmosphere. The concentrations of these gases in the cargo spaces carrying this cargo shall be measured regularly, during voyage, and the results of the measurements shall be recorded and kept on board.

DISCHARGE

Refer to the appendix to this schedule.

CLEAN-UP

After discharge of this cargo, the cargo spaces shall be swept clean twice. Water shall not be used for cleaning of the cargo space which has contained this cargo, because of danger of gas.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

SPECIAL EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT TO BE CARRIED

Self-contained breathing apparatus.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

EMERGENCY ACTION IN THE EVENT OF FIRE

Batten down and use CO2 if available. Do not use water.

MEDICAL FIRST AID

Refer to the Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG), as amended.

The entry further contains APPENDIX: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CARRIAGE OF FERROSILICON and detailed requirements, operational requirements, gas releases from ferrosilicon impurities when water is added.

Under Precautions, see above, manufacturer or shipper is required to provide a certificate which is similar to IMDG Code requirement of ‘weathering certificate”.

Similar to Dangerous Goods transport document required by IMDG Code IMSBC Code require a declaration from shipper, see below image. This declaration must be furnished well in advance of loading to enable the precautions which may be necessary for proper stowage and safe carriage of the cargo to be put into effect.

Apart from Dangerous Goods listed in IMDG Code there are some goods which possess dangerous properties when carried in bulk. These goods are called Materials hazardous only in bulk (MHB).

One example of MHB is WOOD PELLETS. This is a group B cargo (cargoes which possess a chemical hazard), in appendix 1 class for this entry reads “MHB” with stowage and segregation requirement as for class 4.1 materials ( flammable solids)

Please refer to IMSBC Code for full details.

UK CAA issues lithium battery warning |

Alcoholic Beverages

Cheers! Saúde! Ganbei!

Beer, wine and spirits are alcoholic beverages. What differences are there between these three? Let’s not look into the difference in taste or effect after consuming but look at the difference in transport regulations, which means now we are not going to sit over a drink 😉

Some facts:

Beer: – Third most common drink after water and tea. For some it may be first 😉

Wine: – France, Italy and Portugal are the highest consumers and France Italy and Spain are the highest producers.

During transport of wine, beer or spirits the danger involved is not one getting drunk but the flammability factor. Since beer and wine is having very less content of alcohol (4% to 6% & 9% – 16% respectively) they are not considered as flammable liquids. Spirits (Whiskey, Rum, Vodka etc.)

contain more than 20% of alcohol by volume. Volume of alcohol will be on the label (alcohol by volume).

According to IMDG Code, alcoholic beverages containing less than 24% alcohol is not considered as dangerous and which containing more than 24% but less than 70% is not considered as dangerous provided packed in packages containing 250 l or less. See entries UN 3065 and related sections for more information.

Flashpoint of Ethanol based water solutions :

Flaming_cocktails — "Flaming" cocktails contain a small amount of flammable high-proof alcohol which is ignited (and subsequently extinguished) prior to consumption.

10% — 49 °C
20% — 36 °C
30% — 29 °C
40% — 26 °C
50% — 24 °C
60% — 22 °C
70% — 21 °C
80% — 20 °C
90% — 17 °C
96% — 17 °C

Recent study in effects of alcohol found that fusel oil in whisky reduces the hangover !!!

High consequence Dangerous Goods & Security

In 1998 bombing of US Embassy in Nairobi terrorist used TNT , oxygen tanks, gas cylinders and four bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer resulting in 100s of death and massive destruction. Marriot bombing in Islamabad terrorist used approximately 600 KG of RDX mixed with TNT killing 54 and 266 injured!!!

Ammonium nitrate is widely used by terrorists due it is easy availability and deadly potential when turned into an explosive.

For security in transport of dangerous goods IMDG Code recommend Consignors and others involved in transport chain to adopt, carry out and comply with a security plan.

Model Regulations defines high consequence dangerous goods as those which have the potential for misuse in a terrorist incident and may produce serious consequences such as mass casualties or mass destruction.

There is a mandatory requirement for Shore-side personnel engaged in transport of dangerous goods by sea to undergo a security training addressing security risks, methods to address to reduce risks and action to be taken in the event of a security breach.

Security training and measures should include various levels addressing the organizational measures, measures for its employees within their capacity , measures to drivers hauling dangerous goods by road to identify the risks and actions to be taken.

In IMDG Code below are listed as an indicative list of high consequence dangerous goods

Class	Substance / Articles
1	Division 1.1 explosives
1	Division 1.2 explosives
1	Division 1.3 compatibility group C explosives
1	Division 1.4 UN Nos. 0104, 0237, 0255, 0267, 0289, 0361, 0365, 0366, 0440, 0441, 0455, 0456 and 0500
1	Division 1.5 explosives
2.1	Flammable gases in quantities greater than 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon or a portable tank
2.3	Toxic gases
3	Flammable liquids of packing groups I and II in quantities greater than 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon or a portable tank
3	Desensitized liquid explosives
4.1	Desensitized solid explosives
4.2	Goods of packing group I in quantities greater than 3000 kg or 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon, a portable tank or a bulk container
4.3	Goods of packing group I in quantities greater than 3000 kg or 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon, a portable tank or a bulk container
5.1	Oxidizing liquids of packing group I in quantities greater than 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon or a portable tank
5.1	Perchlorates, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate fertilizers and ammonium nitrate emulsions or suspensions or gels in quantities greater than 3000 kg or 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon, a portable tank or a bulk container
6.1	Toxic substances of packing group I
6.2	Infectious substances of category A (UN Nos. 2814 and 2900)
7	Radioactive material in quantities greater than 3000 A1 (special form) or 3000 A2, as applicable, in Type B(U) or Type B(M) or Type C packages
8	Corrosive substances of packing group I in quantities greater than 3000 kg or 3000 ℓ in a road tank vehicle, a railway tank wagon, a portable tank or a bulk container

Various elements are recommended by IMDG Code to be included in the security plan.

Refer section 1.4 of IMDG Code for full details.
For full details of security of radioactive materials see Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities
For ships and ports the security provisions are covered by ISPS.

Govt declares ammonium nitrate as explosive (thehindu.com)
Ammonium Nitrate Sales Witnessing Steep Decline in Developed Countries According to Merchant Research & Consulting Ltd (prweb.com)
Regulations on ammonia nitrate focus of Knoxville meeting (knoxnews.com)

Expandable polymeric beads

Expandable polymeric beads or Expandable Polystyrene beads are moulding materials which come in the form of beads. The composition is polystyrene and a blowing agent which is hydrocarbon . (blowing agent is n-pentane, i-pentane and c-pentane).

Expandable polymeric beads containing blowing agent will expand when exposed to heat. These expandable polymeric beads are used for many applications like insulation, thermal packing, trays, toys, coffee cups food containers etc.

Hazards of Expandable Polymeric Beads

Fire! Fire is the hazard associated with this. Since this product contains hydrocarbon blowing agent (typically pentane) handling and storing of this product must take into consideration of any possible source of ignition. While stored Expandable polymeric beads will keep releasing a small amount of hydrocarbon vapors and the rate of release will increase when exposed to heat. Pentane vapors are heavier than air hence storage area must have good ventilation to remove any vapor trapped in low areas. Recommended storage is below 20 deg C in a well-ventilated area.

Shipping

Generally Expandable Polymeric Beads are transported in fibreboard boxes or flexible IBCs. IMDG Code list this under UN 2211 , POLYMERIC BEADS, EXPANDABLE , Class 9 with instruction for segregation as for Class 3 ( Flammable Liquids )*. IMDG Code 36^th Amendment which will be published in 2012 may contain the requirement of hermetically sealed packaging and IBCs which meet certain performance standards when transported in Closed Cargo Transport unit as proposed by European Chemical Industry Council to IMO.

Some shipping lines may require additional warning label apart from Placards. This label should be placed on the door and may read “ WARNING : MAY CONTAIN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE, KEEP IGNITION SOURCES AWAY” or may even ask to ship it as one-door-off. However one-door-off operation will require additional approval for the said container as per CSC ( International Convention for Safe Containers) as one-door-off on normal containers will change allowable stacking load and transverse racking test force.

* Category E. Shaded from radiant heat and protected from sparks and open flame. When stowed under-deck, mechanical ventilation shall be in accordance with SOLAS regulation II-2/19 (II-2/54) for flammable liquids with flashpoint below 23°C c.c. Segregation as for class 3 but “Separated from” class 1 except division 1.4S.

DG Reefer – Commercial Reasons

Certain Dangerous Goods require mandatory transport in reefer containers due to safety reasons. These are some of the Self-reactive Substances under Class 4.1 and some of the Organic Peroxides, Class 5.2. This requirement is listed in column 16 of DG List in chapter 3.2 and respective sub sections in chapter 2.4 & 2.5 of IMDG Code (35-10).

Let us look at the provisions of other dangerous goods which do not require refrigerated containers but are offered sometimes as temperature controlled.

So what goods which do not require a reefer is sometimes transported in reefer? Generally these are Perfumes ( UN 1266), Safety Matches ( UN 1944), Paint (UN 1263), Lithium Batteries (UN 3090,3091,3480,3481). Some shippers transport these in live reefers to maintain the product quality. Of course Calcium Hypochlorite require live reefers by most of the shipping lines due to its bad past.

IMDG Code has certain provisions for Dangerous Goods in reefers for commercial reasons, these are specifically related to Flammable Gases ( Class 2.1) and Flammable liquids ( Class 3). When Flammable liquids having flashpoint less than 23 °C c.c is transported in live reefer then

1/ Substance shall be precooled and

2/ Transported at a temperature at east 10 Deg C below its flashpoint

Or explosion proof reefer is required.

At any moment during transport In case the reefer fails then power supply shall be disconnected and must not be switched on again.

No line will accept flammable gas in live or non-live reefers. ( For full details refer 7.7 of IMDG Code)

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